[Comment] The overlooked role of CMV in pneumonia in infants with HIV

For decades, severe pneumonia in infants with HIV has been treated as a race against time. Clinicians rapidly initiate broad-spectrum antibiotics, empirically treat suspected Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, provide supportive care, and increasingly consider empirical tuberculosis treatment in high-burden settings, in line with WHO recommendations.1 Yet mortality remains unacceptably high despite these interventions.2 The EMPIRICAL trial by Cinta Moraleda and colleagues challenges another long-